RESUMEN Introducción: el tratamiento nutricional está afectado por la conducta de los sujetos para generar adherencia. Objetivo: determinar factores que influyen en la no adherencia al tratamiento nutricional en pacientes hipertensos que acuden al Hospital Regional de Coronel Oviedo, 2021. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal. La población estuvo comprendida por pacientes registrados en el Programa de hipertensión arterial/Departamento cardiovascular del Hospital Regional de Coronel Oviedo. Se estudiaron los datos sociodemográficos, los factores de tratamiento nutricional y el grado de adherencia al tratamiento nutricional. Resultados: participaron del estudio 206 sujetos, el 53,4 % poseía 55 años o menos y el 81,1 % fue del sexo femenino. Se pudo hallar que solo el 3,8 % de los pacientes se adhieren al tratamiento. La no adherencia al factor conocimiento estuvo relacionado con el bajo nivel educativo (p=0,032), al factor equipo de salud con provenir del área rural y tener un bajo nivel educativo (p=0,006, p=0,002), al factor paciente con provenir del área rural (p=0.002), ser de bajo nivel educativo (p=0,008) y poseer obesidad grado II y III (p=0,036). La no adherencia global estuvo relacionada a estar casado (p=0.001) y realizar trabajos domésticos (p=0,009). Conclusiones: la adherencia al tratamiento es baja en la población de estudio.

ABSTRACT Introduction: nutritional treatment is affected by the behavior of the subjects to generate adherence. This study was carried out to determine factors that influence non-adherence to nutritional treatment in hypertensive patients who attend the Coronel Oviedo Regional Hospital, 2021. Methodology: this was a cross-sectional descriptive observational study. The population was comprised of patients registered in the hypertension department of the Coronel Oviedo Regional Hospital. Sociodemographic data, nutritional treatment factors and the degree of adherence to nutritional treatment were studied. Results: 206 subjects participated in the study, 53.4 % were 55 years old or younger and 81.1 % were female. We found that only 3.8 % of patients adhere to treatment. Non-adherence due to the knowledge factor was related to low educational level (p=0.032), to the health team factor with coming from a rural area and having a low educational level (p=0.006, p=0.002), to the patient factor with coming from a rural area (p=0.002), to have a low educational level (p=0.008) and to have obesity grade II and III (p=0.036). Global non-adherence was related to being married (p=0.001) and doing housework (p=0.009). Conclusions: adherence to treatment is low in the study population.

Resumen: En las últimas décadas los flujos migratorios han ido en aumento, el éxodo se produce especialmente en las regiones con menor desarrollo. Asimismo, las condiciones y problemáticas que enfrentan las personas migrantes antes, durante y después de la movilidad se han complejizado y diversificado, exponiendo a quienes transitan a situaciones de vulneración de los derechos humanos. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente es analizar desde el marco socio-jurídico, las políticas sociales encaminadas a la protección de las personas migrantes. Con base en la metodología documental, se exploran instrumentos y normativas a nivel internacional y nacional, así como políticas sociales como mecanismos de intervención social del Estado. Los resultados muestran que, pese a que existe un amplio andamiaje socio-jurídico, cuyo eje articulador es la protección y garantía de los derechos humanos de los migrantes; en la práctica, la intervención hacia el sujeto migrante sigue estando incidida por nociones de exclusión social. Por tanto, se propone repensar la praxis social, desde una perspectiva de reconocimiento de las personas migrantes como agentes políticos y sujetos de derechos, en donde la justicia social y la equidad sean las dimensiones que sostienen dichas intervenciones.

Abstract: In recent decades, migratory flows have been increasing, the exodus occurs especially in regions with less development. Likewise, the conditions and problems faced by migrants before, during and after mobility have become more complex and diversified, exposing those who transit to situations of human rights violations. Therefore, the objective of this is to analyze from the socio-legal framework, social policies aimed at the protection of migrants. Based on the documentary methodology, instruments and regulations are explored at the international and national level, as well as social policies as mechanisms of social intervention of the State. The results show that, even though there is a wide socio-legal scaffolding, whose articulating axis is the protection and guarantee of the human rights of migrants; in practice, intervention towards the migrant subject continues to be influenced by notions of social exclusion. Therefore, it is proposed to rethink social praxis, from a perspective of recognition of migrants as political agents and subjects of rights, where social justice and equity are the dimensions that sustain such interventions.

Resumen El estudio presenta un análisis de la política lingüística y su relación con el índice de titulación y pérdida del aprendizaje en la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEMÉX) durante el periodo de pandemia de COVID-19 (2019-2021). El objetivo central incluye el acercamiento a los bajos índices de titulación en la UAEMÉX y a la formación lingüística del estudiantado. El método empleado es un análisis comparativo y descriptivo, así como una lectura comparada de bases de datos institucionales. Los alcances de la investigación son descriptivo y exploratorio. Entre los principales resultados destacan: a) la ampliación de las modalidades de titulación en la UAEMÉX no ha implicado un incremento significativo del índice de titulación en la UAEMÉX; b) se identifica una nula correlación entre el porcentaje de eficiencia terminal y el índice de titulación por cohorte; c) además de los costos altos que implica la evaluación profesional, se destaca el bajo nivel de desarrollo del lenguaje académico del estudiantado como factor que obstaculiza la titulación en el periodo de confinamiento (2019-2021). Ante esto, se recomienda ampliamente la revisión de los planes de estudio para identificar cómo se instrumenta la política lingüística dentro de cada una de las áreas de formación profesional que ofrece la UAEMÉX.

Abstract This paper addresses the linguistic policy and its relationship with the index of graduation rate and the learning losses during the pandemic of COVID-19 (2019-2021) at the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMÉX). Regarding the main objective, it consists of analyzing the index of graduation rate and the college students’ linguistic education. Moreover, the researchers used a method of comparative and descriptive analysis as well as a comparative review of institutional databases. The scope of the study is descriptive and exploratory. Among the main results, the following stood out: a) the variety of current undergraduate graduation types has not impacted favorably the index of undergraduate graduation rate at the UAEMÉX; b) there is a null correlation between the percentage of exit undergraduate rate and the index of undergraduate graduation rate at the UAEMÉX throughout cohort; c) besides the high cost of graduation, the low level of academic language development along with the impact of the pandemic of COVID-19, stressed the low index of undergraduate graduation rate at the UAEMÉX, during the period of confinement (2019-2021). Therefore, the authors highly recommend reviewing the curricula to identify how the language policy is implemented within each of the professional training areas offered by the UAEMÉX.

ABSTRACT At a global level, the Covid-19 pandemic will have various repercussions, one of them, teaching methods in higher education (HE), massifying online training. However, the incorporation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has been growing in recent decades, where economic and administrative sciences (EASc) are no exception. The objective of this work is to characterize the research on ICTs in higher education, with emphasis on the teaching of EASc. For this, a bibliometric analysis was carried out based on journals indexed in the Web of Science (WoS), making a parallel on research in the application of ICTs in higher education (general area) and in the specific area of the EASc. The results allowed to detect differences and similarities between the areas. A low scientific production in the area of CEAs was eliminated, opening new study opportunities.

RESUMEN A nivel global, la pandemia Covid-19 generó diversas repercusiones, una de ellas, los métodos de enseñanza en la educación superior (ES), masificándose la formación en línea. Sin embargo, la incorporación de tecnologías de información y comunicación (TICs) ha sido creciente las últimas décadas, donde las ciencias económicas y administrativas (CEAs) no son la excepción. El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar la investigación sobre las TICs en la educación superior, con énfasis en la enseñanza de las CEAs. Para ello se realizó un análisis bibliométrico en base a revistas indexadas en la Web of Science (WoS), haciendo un paralelo sobre la investigación en la aplicación de TICs en la educación superior (área general) y en la específica de las CEA. Los resultados permitieron detectar diferencias y similitudes entre las áreas. Se observó una baja producción científica en el área de las CEAs, abriendo nuevas oportunidades de estudios.

ABSTRACT Biomass is a valuable indicator of biological production in any ecosystem and represents a proxy of secondary production in the case of zooplankton. This short communication aims to report zooplankton biomass values in the waters of the Campeche Canyon, southern Gulf of Mexico, during the “Nortes” storm season of 2011 and to explore their relationship with the hydrography and the circulation pattern. The results showed the presence of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies associated with high and low water density at the base of the pycnocline. The highest values of zooplankton biomass (>40 g 100 m-3) were observed in regions that presented higher water density values (~26.1 kg m-3). In comparison, the lowest zooplankton biomass values (<5 g 100 m-3) were associated with low water densities (<25.6 kg m-3). The results presented here contribute to elucidating the role that physical forcing plays on the zooplankton biomass of the region, particularly during a season in which the passage of extreme storms is widespread.

RESUMEN Introducción. La falta del cumplimiento terapéutico es un problema en el control de la hipertensión arterial. Objetivo. Caracterizar los pacientes no adherentes al tratamiento de hipertensión arterial en pobladores de la V Región Sanitaria del Paraguay. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal que incluyó pacientes hipertensos conocidos que se encontraban en tratamiento para la hipertensión arterial. Se utilizó la Escala de adherencia a la medicación de Morisky 8 ítems que mide comportamientos de adherencia específicos asociados a la ingesta de medicamentos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 163 pacientes, todos considerados no adherentes al tratamiento según la Escala Morinsky MMAS-8. El 52,2% tenía más de 40 años, 66,3% del sexo femenino, 40,5% de nivel universitario, 57,1% casado y el 87,7% vive con la familia. El 66,9% informó trabajar hasta 8 horas por día y el 58,3% con ingresos mayores a 2 salarios mínimos. En cuanto al conocimiento el 53,9% fue alto. El 50% de los pacientes declaró utilizar plantas medicinales para su tratamiento, el 7,4% con depresión frecuentemente o casi siempre y el 22,1% ansiedad frecuentemente o casi siempre. En cuanto a las preguntas de no adherencia, el 53,4% olvidó tomar alguna vez su medicación o dejar de tomarla cuando siente que está bajo control (53,3%), el 44,2% deja de tomar su medicación porque se siente peor con ella y el 46,5% la olvida cuando viaja. Conclusión. La no adherencia en los pacientes de la V Región fue alarmante, por tanto, se deben de realizar medidas de acción respecto a las mismas.

ABSTRACT Introduction. The lack of therapeutic compliance is a problem to control high blood pressure. Objective. To characterize patients who do not adhere to the treatment of arterial hypertension in the V sanitary region of Paraguay. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in known hypertensive patients who were undergoing treatment for high blood pressure. The 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale was used, which measures specific adherence behaviors associated with medication intake. Results. 163 patients were included, all considered non-adherent to treatment according to the Morinsky MMAS-8 Scale. 52.2% were over 40 years old, 66.3% female, 40.5% with university level, 57.1% married, and 87.7% lived with their family. 66.9% reported working up to 8 hours per day and 58.3% with income greater than 2 minimum wages. Regarding knowledge, 53.9% was high. 50% of the patients declared using medicinal plants for their treatment, 7.4% with depression frequently or almost always and 22.1% with anxiety frequently or almost always. Regarding the non-adherence questions, 53.4% ever forgot to take their medication or stopped taking it when they feel they are under control (53.3%), 44.2% stop taking their medication because they feel worse with it and 46.5% forget it when traveling. Conclusion. The non-adherence in patients from Region V was alarming, therefore, action measures must be taken regarding them.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Front-of-Pack (FoP) Nutrition Labelling (NL) of foods and beverages would facilitate healthy purchasing decisions. Objective: To evaluate the perception of the influence of FoP nutrition labelling on food selection and intention to purchase packaged foods in a representative sample of Paraguayan adults, between August and September 2021. Materials and methods: Non-masked randomized experimental study, with national representative sample of adults who bought and/or consumed industrialized food products. Healthcare staff and people with linguistic disabilities that make the survey difficult were excluded. Adults were randomly assigned to the different FoP Nutrition Labelling options (A: Octagon Warning, B: Magnifying Glass Warning and C: Traffic Light). Demographic variables, perceived influence of FoP-NL and purchase intention were measured. Descriptive statistics and the proportions test were used. The protocol was evaluated by the FCQ-UNA research ethics committee. Results: 1,106 adults were assigned to one of the options. The median age was 40 years, 83.5% lived in urban areas and 46.2% completed high school. 71.2% indicated that the FoP-NL called their attention, 82% stated that it facilitates the understanding of information, 87.9% perceived a health risk, 56.9% would modify their consumption intention, 70% would modify their intention of purchase and 80% stated that the FoP-NL would be useful to make decisions. Conclusion: All the FoP-NL were striking for the population, regardless of the type, the three achieve a change in the intention to purchase and consume packaged foods.

RESUMEN Introducción: el rotulado nutricional frontal (RNF) de alimentos y bebidas envasadas facilitaría la toma de decisiones de compra saludables. Objetivo: evaluar la percepción de influencia del rotulado nutricional frontal en la selección de alimentos e intención de compra de alimentos envasados en una muestra representativa de adultos paraguayos, entre agosto y setiembre del año 2021. Materiales y métodos: Estudio experimental aleatorizado no enmascarado, con muestra representativa nacional de los adultos que compraban y/o consumían productos alimenticios industrializados. Se excluyó al personal de salud y a personas con discapacidad lingüística que dificultara la encuesta. Los adultos fueron asignados aleatoriamente a las opciones distintas de rotulado (A: Advertencia Octógono, B: Advertencia Lupa y C: Semáforo). Se midieron variables demográficas, percepción de influencia del RNF e intención de compra. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y la prueba de proporciones. El protocolo fue evaluado por el comité de ética en investigación FCQ-UNA. Resultados: 1.106 adultos fueron asignados a una de las opciones. La mediana de edad fue 40 años, 83,5% residía en zona urbana y 46,2% culminó el nivel secundario. El 71,2% indicó que el RNF llamó su atención, 82% manifestó que facilita la compresión de la información, 87,9% percibió un riesgo para la salud, 56,9% modificaría su intención de consumo, 70% modificaría su intención de compra y 80% manifestó que el rotulado nutricional frontal sería útil para tomar decisiones. Conclusión: Todos los RNF resultaron llamativos para la población, independientemente del tipo, los tres logran cambio en la intención de compra y consumo de alimentos envasados.

Abstract Measurement is a key aspect to evaluate the result of any process. Assembly lines should be measured considering the reliability of both the product and the production process. The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology that would allow knowing the status of an assembly line and that would integrate a measurement model to obtain a reliability index for a line of this type in the automotive industry. The two products resulting from this study were the methodology with its structure in stages and the mathematical model. The methodology is composed of five stages and the model of four elements. Reliability could be calculated for an automotive assembly line using the mean of the best fit distribution. This made it possible to detect the index that most affected general reliability. The index that most affected the general reliability value was availability with 75.55 %, followed by the efficiency index with 87.25 %, continuing with the quality index with 90.15 % and, finally, with the least effect, is the index of delivery capacity with 97.75 %.

Resumen La medición es un aspecto clave para evaluar el resultado de cualquier proceso. Las líneas de ensamble deben medirse considerando la confiabilidad tanto del producto como del proceso de producción. El propósito de este estudio fue desarrollar una metodología que permitiera conocer el estado de una línea de ensamble y que integrara un modelo de medición para obtener un índice de confiabilidad para una línea de este tipo de la industria automotriz. Los dos productos resultantes de este estudio fueron la metodología con su estructura en etapas y el modelo matemático. La metodología está compuesta de cinco etapas y el modelo de cuatro elementos. La confiabilidad pudo ser calculada para una línea de ensamble de la industria automotriz haciendo uso de la media de la distribución de mejor ajuste. Lo anterior permitió detectar el índice que más afectó a la confiabilidad general. El índice que más afectó al valor de confiabilidad general fue el de disponibilidad con 75.55 %, seguido del índice de eficiencia con 87.25 %, continuando con el índice de calidad con 90.15 % y, por último, con el menor efecto, está el índice de capacidad de entrega con 97.75 %.

Resumo A medição é um aspecto fundamental para avaliar o resultado de qualquer processo. As linhas de montagem devem ser medidas considerando a confiabilidade do produto e do processo de produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma metodologia que permitisse conhecer o estado de uma linha de montagem e que integrasse um modelo de medição para obter um índice de confiabilidade para uma linha deste tipo na indústria automotiva. Os dois produtos resultantes deste estudo foram a metodologia com sua estrutura em etapas e o modelo matemático. A metodologia é composta por cinco etapas e o modelo por quatro elementos. A confiabilidade pode ser calculada para uma linha de montagem automotiva usando a média da distribuição de melhor ajuste. Isso possibilitou detectar o índice que mais afetou a confiabilidade geral. O índice que mais afetou o valor de confiabilidade geral foi a disponibilidade com 75,55%, seguido do índice de eficiência com 87,25%, continuando com o índice de qualidade com 90,15% e, por fim, com o menor efeito, é o índice de capacidade de entrega com 97,75% .

Abstract This paper contains the design of a man-machine system model for the machine tools based on a serial-parallel configuration and their component-subsystem relationships. Causal Analyses and a classification system using the Cluster Analysis were used to analyze the non-conforming pieces that occurred in 3 machine shops from the metal mechanical sector, and to design the man-machine system model. The man-machine system model proposes to provide adequate conditions to apply some statistical reliability assessment models with a serial-parallel systems approach, and on the assumptions of the constant and additive failure rate of the Exponential and Weibull functions respectively. As an input of the first statistical model, the times to failure from non-conforming pieces and goodness of fit test have been used to assess the reliability of component-subsystem relationships. For the second statistical model the reliabilities from component-subsystem relationships were used to assess the reliability of subsystems as serial systems configuration. Inputs for the third statistical model have used reliabilities from subsystems to assess the reliability of the man-machine system as a parallel system configuration. The man-machine system and statistical models were implemented and validated in a company from the metal-mechanical sector with a low-volume and high-mix production rate whose operations were carried out by both conventional and CNC machines. Based on the man-machine system analysis was possible to know the formal structure of machine tools that generate non-conforming pieces in the scrap area as well as to identify the subcauses of failure that affect the system (components). Components identified were: maintenance/set up, institutional conditions/attitude, admission profile, information/communication, calibration, and supplier. Also, the most common places where failures occurred (subsystems) were identified. Subsystems identified were: machine, tool, process/operation, measurement/instrumentation, programming/design, and material. Through the selected statistical models was possible to get reliability indices for each component-subsystem relationship, for each subsystem as well as for the whole man-machine system, identifying areas for improvement. The company where the methodology was implemented and validated presented a high volume of scrap in the machine tool and it was possible to identify that the subsystem: process/operation and the components: maintenance/set up and institutional conditions/attitude had the lowest reliability, and they were considered as opportunities areas for improvement. For 7 hours the man-machine reliability is 0.1409 (the probability to find a product without failures for which it must be scrapped is 14.09%). In the machine shop, the issues that caused these low levels of reliability are attributed to the insufficient preventive and predictive maintenance program. Improvement actions are considered in another research. This kind of research investigates a little-studied problem, as it is about the reliability of the man-machine system in machining tools and investigates from an innovative perspective and preparing the ground for new studies in the metal mechanical sector.

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Resumo Este trabalho contém o sistema homem-máquina da área de usinagem, baseado na configuração série-paralelo e nas relações componente-subsistema. A análise de causa e um sistema de classificação através da Análise de Cluster foram utilizados para analisar as peças não conformes que ocorreram em 3 oficinas de usinagem do setor metalmecânico e projetar o modelo do sistema homem-máquina. O objetivo do modelo de sistema homem-máquina é fornecer as condições adequadas para aplicar alguns modelos estatísticos para avaliar a confiabilidade, com a abordagem dos sistemas série-paralelo e sob as hipóteses de uma taxa de falhas constante e aditiva das distribuições exponenciais. e Weibull respectivamente. Como entrada para o primeiro modelo estatístico, tempos para falhas de peças não conformes e testes de ajuste foram usados para avaliar a confiabilidade das relações componente-subsistema. Para o segundo modelo estatístico, as confiabilidades das relações componente-subsistema foram utilizadas para avaliar a confiabilidade dos subsistemas, com a configuração dos sistemas em série. As entradas do terceiro modelo estatístico, as confiabilidades dos subsistemas, foram utilizadas para avaliar a confiabilidade do sistema homem-máquina, com a configuração de um sistema paralelo. O sistema homem-máquina e os modelos estatísticos foram implementados e validados em uma empresa do setor metal-mecânico de baixo volume e alta taxa de produção de mix, cujas operações são realizadas por máquinas convencionais e de Controle Numérico (CNC). Com o sistema homem-máquina foi possível conhecer a estrutura formal das áreas de usinagem a partir das peças não conformes da área de sucata e identificar as subcausas de falha que afetam o sistema (componentes). Os componentes identificados foram: manutenção/configuração, condições/atitude institucionais, perfil de entrada, informação/comunicação, calibração e fornecedor. Também foram identificados os locais mais comuns de ocorrência de falhas (subsistemas). Os subsistemas identificados foram: máquina, ferramenta, processo/operação, medição/instrumentação, programação/projeto e material. Através dos modelos estatísticos foi possível obter os índices de confiabilidade para cada relação componente-subsistema, para cada subsistema, bem como para o sistema homem-máquina, identificando assim áreas de melhoria. A empresa onde a metodologia foi implantada e validada apresentou alto índice de refugo na área de usinagem e foi possível identificar que o subsistema processo/operação e os componentes manutenção/configuração e condições institucionais/atitude tiveram a menor confiabilidade e foram considerados como áreas de oportunidade de melhoria. Durante 7 horas a confiabilidade homem-máquina é de 0,1409 (a probabilidade de encontrar um produto sem defeitos pelo qual deve ser descartado é de 14,09%). Na oficina mecânica, os problemas que causaram esses baixos níveis de confiabilidade são atribuídos a um programa de manutenção preventiva e preditivo insuficiente. Ações de melhoria são consideradas em outra investigação. Esse tipo de pesquisa estuda um problema pouco estudado, como a confiabilidade do sistema homem-máquina nas áreas de usinagem, e investiga sob uma perspectiva inovadora, além de preparar o campo para novos estudos no setor metalmecânico.

Abstract The objective of this work was to validate the reliability and statistical validity of the NOM-035-STPS-2018, specifically in the domain Relations at work. Methodologically, Reference Guide III was applied to collect data through non-probabilistic sampling in three automotive companies in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. In total, 250 supervisors responded to the instrument. First, reliability was verified using Cronbach's alpha and ordinal alpha. Subsequently, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett test was performed. Among the results, the Relationships at work domain obtained a Cronbach's alpha of 0.913, while the dimensions "Social relationships at work" and "Poor relationship with the collaborators supervised" obtained values of this indicator of 0.879 and 0.975, respectively. On the other hand, the ordinal alpha obtained values higher than 0.90 in both dimensions. The KMO obtained was 0.838 and the Bartlett test was found to be significant (p = 0.000). Consequently, the exploratory factor analysis extracted the two factors proposed by the standard. These factors contribute to 79.11 % of the accumulated variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit of the model. In conclusion, the instrument and the proposed dimensions can be used as an evaluation tool to measure the psychosocial factor Relations at work (domain of NOM-035), since they show acceptable values in terms of statistical reliability.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue validar la confiabilidad y validez estadística de la NOM-035-STPS-2018, en específico del dominio Relaciones en el trabajo. Metodológicamente, se aplicó la Guía de Referencia III para recopilar datos mediante un muestreo no probabilístico en tres compañías automotrices de Ciudad Juárez, México. En total, 250 supervisores respondieron el instrumento. En primer lugar, se verificó la confiabilidad mediante el alfa de Cronbach y alfa ordinal. Posteriormente se realizó la prueba de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) y Bartlett. Entre los resultados, el dominio Relaciones en el trabajo obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 0.913, mientras que las dimensiones “Relaciones sociales en el trabajo” y “Deficiente relación con los colaboradores que supervisa” obtuvieron valores de este indicador de 0.879 y 0.975, respectivamente. Por otro lado, el alfa ordinal obtuvo valores superiores a 0.90 en las dos dimensiones. El KMO obtenido fue de 0.838 y la prueba de Bartlett resultó ser significativa (p = 0.000). En consecuencia, el análisis factorial exploratorio extrajo los dos factores propuestos por la norma. Dichos factores contribuyen a 79.11 % de la varianza acumulada. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró un buen ajuste del modelo. En conclusión, el instrumento y las dimensiones propuestas pueden ser utilizados como herramienta de evaluación para medir el factor psicosocial Relaciones en el trabajo (dominio de la NOM-035), ya que muestran valores aceptables en términos de confiabilidad estadística.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi validar a confiabilidade e validade estatística da NOM-035-STPS-2018, especificamente no domínio Relações no trabalho. Metodologicamente, o Guia de Referência III foi aplicado para coletar dados por meio de amostragem não probabilística em três empresas automotivas em Ciudad Juárez, México. No total, 250 supervisores responderam ao instrumento. Primeiramente, a confiabilidade foi verificada por meio do alfa de Cronbach e alfa ordinal. Posteriormente, foi realizado o teste de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) e de Bartlett. Dentre os resultados, o domínio Relacionamentos no trabalho obteve alfa de Cronbach de 0,913, enquanto as dimensões “Relacionamentos sociais no trabalho” e “Relação ruim com os colaboradores supervisionados” obtiveram valores desse indicador de 0,879 e 0,975, respectivamente. Por outro lado, o alfa ordinal obteve valores superiores a 0,90 em ambas as dimensões. O KMO obtido foi de 0,838 e o teste de Bartlett foi significativo (p = 0,000). Consequentemente, a análise fatorial exploratória extraiu os dois fatores propostos pela norma. Esses fatores contribuem com 79,11% da variância acumulada. A análise fatorial confirmatória mostrou um bom ajuste do modelo. Em conclusão, o instrumento e as dimensões propostas podem ser utilizados como ferramenta de avaliação para mensurar o fator psicossocial Relações no trabalho (domínio do NOM-035), pois apresentam valores aceitáveis em termos de confiabilidade estatística.

Resumen La violencia en las mujeres es un fenómeno complejo y de carácter multifactorial, sin embargo, es invisibilizado en el ámbito de lo privado, afectando a mujeres de distintas edades y contextos. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la conexión entre las condiciones de desigualdad y las experiencias de violencia en mujeres mayores rurales, vivenciadas a lo largo del curso de vida. Mediante el enfoque de curso de vida y la metodología cualitativa, se exploran las historias de vida de cuatro mujeres mayores habitantes de comunidades rurales de Durango (México), que a lo largo de su biografía han sido objeto de distintas formas de violencia, con un arraigado anclaje en las asimetrías de género. Los resultados muestran que las desigualdades de género vivenciadas desde edades tempranas de la vida tienen repercusiones inmediatas, pero también a largo plazo, traduciéndose en distintos tipos de violencia como un estado “normalizado” del “ser mujer”. Las conclusiones del estudio ponen en relieve la importancia de politizar y deconstruir las desigualdades y las relaciones de género.

Abstract Violence against women is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon. However, it is made invisible in the private sphere, affecting women of different ages and contexts. The objective of this article is to analyze the connection between conditions of inequality and experiences of violence in older rural women, faced throughout their life course. Using the life course approach and qualitative methodology, the life stories of four elderly women living in rural communities in Durango (Mexico) are explored, who throughout their biography have been the object of different forms of violence, with an entrenched anchorage in gender asymmetries. The results show that gender inequalities experienced from early ages of life have immediate repercussions, but also in the long term, translating into different types of violence as a "normalized" state of "being a woman". The study's conclusions highlight the importance of politicizing and deconstructing inequalities and gender relations.

Resumen Descripción del caso: Caso de lipemia retinalis secundaria a hiperquilomicronemia en varón de 40 años con antecedentes de irradiación corporal total y medicación inmunosupresora que acude al hospital por disminución de agudeza visual y dolor abdominal. Hallazgos clínicos: La hiperquilomicronemia contribuyó al desarrollo de pancreatitis aguda y lipemia retinalis. Esta última es una manifestación ocular infrecuente que refleja unos parámetros excesivos de triglicéridos en el organismo (>2,000 mg/dL). La Lipemia Retinalis consiste en la acumulación de quilomicrones en los vasos retinianos lo que les confiere un aspecto blanco y cremoso en la oftalmoscopia retiniana directa. La sospecha clínica inicial de hiperquilomicronemia se produjo por la visualización de sobrenadante en el tubo analítico. Tratamiento y resultado: Sin tener resultados definitivos bioquímicos, por necesidad de procesamiento especial de la muestra, se instauró tratamiento hipolipemiante y sueroterapia tras la confirmación oftalmológica de Lipemia Retinalis con recuperación total de la agudeza visual. Relevancia clínica: Dada la dificultad inicial para determinar las cifras reales de triglicéridos en este tipo de pacientes, la visualización precoz de vasos retinianos de color lechoso sobre lecho de color asalmonado en el fondo de ojo puede ser de ayuda para elaborar una sospecha clínica temprana de hiperquilomicronemia severa que contribuya a limitar la gravedad de las complicaciones.

Abstract Case description: Case of lipemia retinalis secondary to hyperchylomicronemia in a 40-year-old man with a history of total body irradiation and immunosuppressive treatment that was attended in this hospital due to decreased visual acuity and abdominal pain. Clinical findings: Hyperchylomicronemia caused the development of acute pancreatitis and lipemia retinalis. The latter is an infrequent ocular manifestation that reflects excessive triglyceride blood levels in the organism (>2,000 mg/dL). Lipemia retinalis is characterized by the accumulation of chylomicrons in the retinal vessels, which gives them a white and creamy appearance in direct retinal ophthalmoscopy. The initial clinical suspicion of hyperchylomicronemia was based on the visualization of the supernatant in the analytical tube. Treatment and result: In the absence of definitive biochemical results, and owing to the need for special processing of the sample, lipid-lowering treatment and serum therapy were established after ophthalmological confirmation of lipemia retinalis, with subsequent full recovery of visual acuity. Clinical relevance: Given the initial difficulty to determine the accurate triglyceride levels in this kind of patient, early visualization of milky-colored retinal vessels on a salmon-colored eye fundus can help develop an early clinical suspicion of severe hyperchylomicronemia and contribute to limit the severity of complications.

ABSTRACT Candida auris is an emerging fungus that has gained great relevance as a global public health problem in a short time. The presence of Candida auris in 3 adult patients admitted to a national hospital of high complexity in the last quarter of 2020 in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic is reported for the first time in Peru. The patients were hospitalized in the ICU, however, this germ was isolated in only 2 patients while they were hospitalized in the ICU. The patients had various comorbidities and long hospitalization times from admission to having their first culture positive for C. auris. All patients acquired a bacterial nosocomial infection at some point during their hospitalization and received broad-spectrum antibiotics. All isolates were resistant to fluconazole. The hospital's infection control team reinforced containment measures and the Ministry of Health of Peru issued an epidemiological alert.

RESUMEN Candida auris es un hongo emergente, con gran relevancia en corto tiempo, como problema de salud pública mundial. Se reporta por primera vez en el Perú la presencia de Candida auris en 3 pacientes adultos internados en un hospital nacional de alta complejidad en el último trimestre del año 2020, durante la pandemia COVID-19. Los pacientes fueron hospitalizados en UCI; sin embargo, solo en 2 pacientes se aisló dicho germen durante su internamiento en UCI. Los pacientes tuvieron varias comorbilidades y tiempos prolongados de hospitalización desde su admisión hasta tener el primer cultivo positivo a C. auris. Todos los pacientes adquirieron una infección nosocomial bacteriana en algún momento de su hospitalización y recibieron antibióticos de amplio espectro. Todas las cepas aisladas fueron resistentes a fluconazol. El equipo de control de infecciones del hospital reforzó las medidas de contención y el Ministerio de Salud del Perú emitió una alerta epidemiológica.

Abstract Through a case study, the article analyzes how the practice of sexual assault is a way to pressure indigenous people to leave their territories. It is discussed how some aspects of the O’dami worldview are related to embodied cognition. The study methodology is qualitative and ethnographic, consisting mainly of in-depth interviews. The analysis departs from an interdisciplinary approach between anthropology and cognitive sciences. The results show that O’dami culture establishes a link between body, soul, and nature. It is concluded that to analyze violence against indigenous women and girls, it is necessary to do so in an integral manner, including cultural dimensions. The main limitation was the insecurity that prevails in the studied region, which prevented visits to the community. Therefore, interviews were conducted in the city of Chihuahua.

Resumen A través de un estudio de caso, el artículo analiza cómo la práctica de la violación sexual es una forma de presionar a los pueblos originarios para que abandonen sus territorios. Se discute cómo algunos aspectos de la cosmovisión o´dami se relacionan con la cognición corporizada. La metodología de estudio es cualitativa y etnográfica, consistió principalmente en la realización de entrevistas a profundidad. El análisis partió de un enfoque interdisciplinario entre la antropología y las ciencias cognitivas. Los resultados demuestran que la cultura o´dami establece un vínculo entre cuerpo, alma y naturaleza. Se concluye que para analizar la violencia hacia las mujeres y niñas indígenas, es necesario hacerlo de forma integral, incluyendo dimensiones culturales. La limitación principal consistió en la inseguridad pública que impera en la región estudiada, que impidió visitar físicamente la comunidad, por lo tanto, las entrevistas se realizaron en la ciudad de Chihuahua.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar de manera comparativa la relación entre las trayectorias vitales y las redes de apoyo social en la vejez rural, desde la perspectiva del curso de vida. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo que aborda las historias de vida de 15 personas mayores rurales (nueve en México y seis en España). Como resultado se observa la existencia de contrastes entre los itinerarios familiar, escolar y laboral; en España, marcados principalmente por el género; en México, por la cohorte generacional. Aunque en ambos países las personas mayores cuentan con apoyo, se presentan divergencias en la percepción, el tipo de apoyo y las personas que lo brindan. El estudio muestra que existe una clara conexión entre el desarrollo de las trayectorias de vida y las redes de apoyo social. Este nexo surge a partir de la manifestación de necesidades vinculadas con transiciones y eventos tanto individuales como familiares.

Abstract: This paper uses a life course perspective to make a comparative analysis of the relationship between life trajectories and social support networks for the elderly in rural areas. A qualitative study was carried out addressing the life histories of fifteen elders in rural areas (nine in Mexico and six in Spain). As a result, contrasts between family, school, and labor itineraries were observed. In Spain, these itineraries were mainly characterized by gender, whereas in Mexico, by generational cohort. Although in both countries elders receive support, divergences were observed in how it is perceived, the type of support that is granted, and the people who provide support. The study revealed a clear connection between the unfolding of life trajectories and social support networks. This link emerges from the expression of needs related to both individual and family events and transitions.